What Is Your Personality Type? Type A, B, C or D?

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Always having a plan for the worst-case scenario is a necessity. According to the , there are sixteen different types. The on the official Keirsey site allows you to take the test and receive your basic results i. Hence, until the early 1980s, the industry's strategy consisted of suggesting the risks of smoking to be caused by psychological characteristics of individual smokers rather than tobacco products by deeming the causes of cancer to be multifactorial with stress as a key contributing factor.

You look in the mirror many times a day, you know your basic likes and dislikes. Your core values are what you regard as the most important things to and about you.

What Kind of Person Do You Want to Be?

Type A and Type B personality hypothesis describes two contrasting. The two cardiologists who developed this theory came to believe that Type A personalities had a greater chance of developing. Following the results of further studies and considerable controversy about the role of the funding of early research in this area, some reject, either partially or completely, the link between Type A personality and coronary disease. Nevertheless, this research had a significant effect on the development of the field, in which look at how an individual's mental state affects physical health. They discovered that their patients were wearing out the arms and upholstery on the chairs in the waiting room. After an eight-and-a-half-year-long study of healthy men between the ages of 35 and 59, Friedman and Rosenman estimated that Type A behavior more than twice the risk of in otherwise healthy individuals. The individuals enrolled in this study were followed well beyond the original time frame of the study. Participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire, that asked questions like Do you feel guilty if you use spare time to relax. Subsequent analysis indicated that although Type A personality is associated with the incidence of coronary heart disease, it does not seem to be a risk factor for mortality. People with Type A personalities are often high-achieving. They push themselves with deadlines, and hate both delays and ambivalence. People with Type A personalities experience more job-related stress and less job satisfaction. Interestingly, those with Type A personalities do not always outperform those with Type B personalities. Depending on the task and the individual's sense of time urgency and control, it can lead to poor results when there are complex decisions to be made. Moreover, Type A students tend to earn higher grades than Type B students Waldron et al. In his 1996 book dealing with extreme Type A behavior, Type A Behavior: Its Diagnosis and Treatment, suggests that dangerous Type A behavior is expressed through three major symptoms: 1 free-floating hostility, which can be triggered by even minor incidents; 2 time urgency and impatience, which causes and usually described as being short-fused; and 3 awhich causes and an achievement-driven mentality. The first of these symptoms is believed to be covert and therefore less observable, while the other two are more overt. Type A people were said to be hasty, impatient, impulsive, hyperalert, potentially hostile, and angry. Research has also shown that Type A personalities deal with reality and have certain defenses when it comes to dealing with problems. Janet Spence's research has shown that the Type A archetype can be broken down into two factors assessed using a modified Jenkins activity survey. There are two main methods to assessing Type A behaviour. A-B personality is a continuum where one either leans to be more Type A or Non Type A Type B. The hypothesis describes Type B individuals as a contrast to those of Type A. Type B personality, by definition, are noted to live at lower stress levels. They typically work steadily, and may enjoy achievement, although they have a greater tendency to disregard physical or mental stress when they do not achieve. When faced with competition, they may focus less on winning or losing than their Type A counterparts, and more on enjoying the game regardless of winning or losing. Unlike the Type A personality's rhythm of multi-tasked careers, Type B individuals are sometimes attracted to careers of creativity: writer, counselor, therapist, actor or actress. However, network and computer systems managers, professors, and judges are more likely to be Type B individuals as well. Their personal character may enjoy exploring ideas and concepts. Type B personality types are more tolerant than individuals in the Type A category. This can be evident through their relationship style that members of upper management prefer. When playing a modified Prisoner's Dilemma game, Type A individuals elicited more competitiveness and angry feelings from both Type A and Type B opponents than did the Type B individuals. Type A individuals punished their Type A counterparts more than their Type B counterparts, and more than Type Bs punished other Type Bs. Rivalry between Type A individuals was shown by more aggressive behavior in their interactions, including initial antisocial responses, refusal to cooperate, verbal threats, and behavioral challenges. Chinaveh in Department of Psychology performed a study to examine a relationship between Type A and Type B personality students in regards to stress situation and coping responses in the campus. This study showed that Type A personality students had a higher level of perceived stress as compared to Type B personality students. In addition, Type A personality students had a higher level of coping responses and were able to reduce stress level by utilizing approach responses when encountered with stressful circumstances Chinaveh, 2014, p. While the latter could serve as athe former calls into question whether the findings can be generalized to the remaining male population or to the what type of person am i population as a whole. Subjects in the control group received group cardiac counseling, and subjects in the treatment group received cardiac counseling plus Type A counseling. The recurrence rate was 28% in the control group and 13% in the treatment group, a strong and statistically significant finding. Hence, until the early 1980s, the industry's strategy consisted of suggesting the risks of smoking to be caused by psychological characteristics of individual smokers rather than tobacco products by deeming the causes of cancer to be multifactorial with stress as a key contributing factor. Moreover, Philip Morris primarily funded the Meyer Friedman Institute, e. Though apparently unpaid for, this letter was approved by and blind-copied to Philip Morris, and Friedman falsely claimed to receive funding largely from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. According to research by Redford Williams ofthe hostility component of Type A personality is the only significant risk factor. Thus, it is a high level of expressed anger and hostility, not the other elements of Type A behavior, that constitutes the problem. The initial study that pointed to the association of Type A personality and heart attacks had what type of person am i massive number of questions under consideration. When there are a lot of questions there is a high probability of a false positive. Those considerations may have changed. In this study, four personality types were recorded. Two additional types of personalities were measured, Type 5 and Type 6. Type 5 is a rational anti-emotional type, which shows characteristics common to Type 1 and Type 2. While most studies attempt to show the correlation between personality types and coronary heart disease, studies have suggested that mental attitudes constitute an important prognostic factor for cancer. As a method of treatment for cancer-prone patients, behavior therapy is used. Behavior therapy would also teach them how to cope with stress-producing situations more successfully. The statistical data associated with higher death rates is impressive. Other measures of therapy have been attempted, such as group therapy. From the study above, several conclusions have been made. A relationship between personality and cancer exists, along with a relationship between personality and coronary heart disease. Personality type acts as a risk factor for diseases and interacts synergistically with other risk factors, such as smoking and heredity. It has been statistically proven that behavior therapy can significantly reduce the likelihood of cancer or coronary heart disease mortality. On the contrary, psychoanalysis can increase the likelihood of cancer and coronary heart disease mortality drastically. Mental disorders arise from physical causes, and likewise, physical disorders arise from mental causes. While Type A personality did not show a strong direct relationship between its attributes and the cause of coronary heart disease, other types of personalities have shown strong influences on both cancer-prone patients and those prone to coronary heart disease. They were followed up until the end of 2011 through linkage with the National Death Registry. Four self-administered scales, Bortner Short Rating Scale, Framingham Type A Behavior Pattern Scale, Jenkins Activity Survey, and Finnish Type A Scale, were used for Type A assessment at the start of follow-up. Type A measures were inconsistently associated with cardiovascular mortality, and most associations were non-significant. Associations with non-cardiovascular deaths were even weaker. An analysis of the literature suggests the possible role of Mg deficiency in the susceptibility toobserved among subjects displaying a type A behavior pattern. Type A subjects are more sensitive to stress and produce more catecholamines than type B subjects. This, in turn, seems to induce an intracellular Mg loss. In the long run, type A individuals would develop a state of Mg deficiency, which may promote a greater sensitivity to stress and, ultimately, lead to the development of cardiovascular problems. Their results showed that Type B personalities had more severe issues with substance abuse than Type A personalities. Another discover in their research was more Type B personalities had been diagnosed with a personality disorder than users what type of person am i had Type A personalities. Type B personalities were rated higher than Type A personalities on symptoms of all personality disorders, with the exception of. Personality, Type a behavior, and coronary heart disease: The role of emotional expression. Type A Behavior and Coronary Heart Disease: The Third Stage. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. Association of specific overt behaviour pattern with blood and cardiovascular findings. Journal of the American Medical Association. Type A Behavior and Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease. The New England Journal of Medicine. The influence of type a behaviour and locus of control upon job satisfaction and occupational health. Executives' type A personality as a determinant of environmental perception and firm strategy. Type A Behavior: Its Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, Plenum Press Kluwer Academic Presspp. Personality traits as risk factors for physical illness. Type A, type b and the kleinian positions: do they relate to similar processes. Impatience versus achievement strivings in the Type a pattern: Differential effects on students' health and academic achievement. Personality, type a behaviour, and coronary heart disease: the role of emotional expression. Personality, type a behavior, and coronary heart disease: the role of emotional expression. Type A personality characteristics and the effect on individual and team academic performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. Psychological Perspectives on the Type A Behavior Pattern. Price; Byron Brown; Leonti Thompson; David D. Breall; Edward Bourg; Richard Levy; Theodore Dixon 1 October 1986. Alteration of type A behavior and its effect on cardiac recurrences in post myocardial infarction patients: Summary results of the recurrent coronary prevention project. It's interesting how few people die from smoking: tobacco industry efforts to minimize risk and discredit health promotion. European Journal of Public Health. Systematic review of prospective cohort studies of psychosocial factors in the etiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease. Hostility: Effects on health and the potential for successful behavioral what type of person am i to prevention and treatment. Personality Type, Smoking Habit and Their Interaction as Predictors of Cancer and Coronary Heart Disease. Creative Novation Behaviour Therapy as a Prophylactic Treatment for Cancer and Coronary Heart Disease: I. Type A behavior pattern is not a predictor of premature mortality. Type A behavior and magnesium metabolism. Personality disorder and dimension differences between type a and type b substance abusers. A Comparison of Type-A and Type-B Learners in the Perception of Stress Level and Use of Coping Responses in the Campus. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences.

Many see competitiveness as the main characteristic. Though this theory has since been disproven, some truth remains. But let's look at the typical characteristics of Type C and D personalities. If you're wondering if you have a Type A or Type B personality, take this —a modified version of the Jenkins Activity Survey. So you know some Greek philosophy — but how well do you know yourself?